Miranda vs. Arizon essays

Miranda vs. Arizon essays Ernesto Miranda, a 23 year old truck driver was arrested and charged for kidnapping, robbery and rape, in the year of 1966. Throughout the 1930s police were using force and not reading people their rights as we are used to in this day in age. Force was not as bad as it had been in the past but was still there and was conflicting with peoples rights. In a 5-4 decision the Supreme Court overturned Mirandas conviction. His conviction was overthrown because it was not right that prosecutors used statements made by defendants while in police custody, unless the police had already advised them of their rights; thus it was called the Miranda Rights. This case was later re-tried, and Miranda was convicted on the basis of other evidence, having nothing to do with his earlier trial. In the end, he served 11 years in prison. Since this case, the Supreme Court determined that criminal suspects cannot be arrested without being advised of their constitutional rights and what their responsibilities are. Police, before questioning, must warn the suspect or suspects that they have a right to remain silent. Also, any statement that they make can and probably will be used against them in a court of law. When being questioned they have the right to have an attorney present with them, and if the defendant cant afford an attorney one will be appointed to them without charge. In conclusion, the Miranda versus Arizona case made a significant difference in the police and court system in the United States. To think of it, if you are not read your rights, you could confess, but your confession would be meaningless because your rights were not read. Thus, even if you did the crime you could get away with it because you were not read your rights. ...

Pericles (Leader of Athens) Biography

Pericles (Leader of Athens) Biography Pericles (sometimes spelled Perikles) lived between about 495–429 B.C.E. and was one of the most important leaders of the classical period of Athens, Greece. He is largely responsible for rebuilding the city following the devastating Persian Wars of 502–449 B.C.E. He was also Athens leader during (and probably fomenter of) the Peloponnesian War (431–404); and he died of the Plague of Athens that ravaged the city between 430 and 426 B.C.E. He was so important to classical Greek history that the era in which he lived is known as the Age of Pericles. Greek Sources about Pericles What we know of Pericles comes from three main sources. The earliest is known as the Funeral Oration of Pericles. It was written by the Greek philosopher Thucydides (460–395 B.C.E.), who said he was quoting Pericles himself. Pericles gave his speech at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian war (431 B.C.E.). In it, Pericles (or Thucydides) extols the values of democracy. The Menexenus was probably written by Plato (ca. 428–347 B.C.E.) or by someone who was imitating Plato. It too is a Funeral Oration citing the history of Athens, and the text was partly borrowed from Thucydides but it is a satire ridiculing the practice. Its format is a dialogue between Socrates and Menexenus, and in it, Socrates opines that Pericles mistress Aspasia wrote the Funeral Oration of Pericles. Finally, and most substantially, in his book The Parallel Lives, the first century C.E. Roman historian Plutarch wrote the Life of Pericles and a Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximum. English translations of all of these texts are long out of copyright and available on the Internet. Family Through his mother Agariste, Pericles was a member of the Alcmeonids, a powerful family in Athens, who claimed descent from Nestor (king of Pylos in The Odyssey) and whose earliest notable member was from the seventh century B.C.E. The Alcemons were accused of treachery at the Battle of Marathon. His father was Xanthippus, a military leader during the Persian Wars, and the victor at the Battle of Mycale. He was the son of Ariphon, who was ostracized- a common political punishment for prominent Athenians consisting of a 10-year banishment from Athens- but was returned to the city when the Persian Wars began. Pericles was married to a woman whose name is not mentioned by Plutarch but was a close relative. They had two sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, and divorced in 445 B.C.E. Both sons died in the Plague of Athens. Pericles also had a mistress, perhaps a courtesan but also a teacher and intellectual called Aspasia of Miletus, with whom he had one son, Pericles the Younger. Education Pericles was said by Plutarch to have been shy as a young man because he was rich, and of such stellar lineage with well-born friends, that he was afraid hed be ostracized for that alone. Instead, he devoted himself to a military career, where he was brave and enterprising. Then he became a politician. His teachers included the musicians Damon and Pythocleides. Pericles was also a pupil of Zeno of Elea, famous for his logical paradoxes, such as the one in which he was said to have proven that motion cant occur. His most important teacher was Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428 BCE), called Nous (Mind). Anaxagoras is best known for his then-outrageous contention that the sun was a fiery rock. Public Offices The first known public event in Pericles life was the position of choregos. Choregoi were the producers of ancient Greeces theatrical community, selected from the wealthiest Athenians who had a duty to support dramatic productions. Choregoi paid for everything from staff salaries to sets, special effects, and music. In 472, Pericles funded and produced the playwright Aeschylus play The Persians. Pericles also gained the office of military archon or strategos, which is usually translated into English as a military general. Pericles was elected strategos in 460, and he remained that for the next 29 years. Pericles, Cimon, and Democracy In the 460s, the Helots rebelled against the Spartans who asked for help from Athens. In response to Spartas request for help, Athens leader Cimon led troops into Sparta. The Spartans sent them back, probably fearing the effects of Athenian democratic ideas on their own government. Cimon had favored Athens oligarchic adherents, and, according to the opposing faction led by Pericles who had come into power by the time Cimon returned, Cimon was a lover of Sparta and a hater of the Athenians. He was ostracized and banished from Athens for 10 years, but eventually brought back for the Peloponnesian Wars. Building Projects From about 458–456, Pericles had the Long Walls built. The Long Walls were about 6 kilometers in length and built in several phases. They were a strategic asset to Athens, connecting the city with Piraeus, a peninsula with three harbors about 4.5 miles from Athens. The walls protected the citys access to the Aegean, but they were destroyed by Sparta at the end of the Peloponnesian War. On the Acropolis at Athens, Pericles built the Parthenon, the Propylaea, and a giant statue of Athena Promachus. He also had temples and shrines built to other gods to replace those that had been destroyed by the Persians during the wars. The treasury from the Delian alliance funded the building projects. Radical Democracy and Citizenship Law Among the contributions made by Pericles to the Athenian democracy was the payment of magistrates. This was one reason the Athenians under Pericles decided to limit the people eligible to hold office. Only those born to two people of Athenian citizen status could henceforth be citizens and eligible to be magistrates. Children of foreign mothers were explicitly excluded. Metic is the word for a foreigner living in Athens. Since a metic woman couldnt produce citizen children when Pericles had a mistress Aspasia of Miletus, he couldnt or, at least, didnt marry her. After his death, the law was changed so that his son could be both a citizen and his heir. Artists Depiction According to Plutarch, although Pericles appearance was unimpeachable, his head was long and out of proportion. The comic poets of his day called him Schinocephalus or squill head (pen head). Because of Pericles abnormally long head, he was often depicted wearing a helmet. The Plague of Athens and the Death of Pericles In 430, the Spartans and their allies invaded Attica, signaling the start of the Peloponnesian War. At the same time, a plague broke out in a city overcrowded by the presence of refugees from the rural areas. Pericles was suspended from the office of strategos, found guilty of theft and fined 50 talents. Because Athens still needed him, Pericles was then reinstated, but then, about a year after he lost his own two sons in the plague, Pericles died in the fall of 429, two and a half years after the Peloponnesian War began. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources Thucydides. Pericles Funeral Oration from the Peloponnesian War (Book 2.34-46). Ancient History Sourcebook. Fordham University. 2000. Web.Monoson, S. Sara. Remembering Pericles: The Political and Theoretical Import of Platos Menexenus. Political Theory 26.4 (1998): 489-513. Print.OSullivan, Neil. Pericles and Protagoras. Greece Rome 42.1 (1995): 15-23. Print.Plato. The Menexenus. Translater Benjamin Jowett 1892. Project Gutenberg, 2013. Web.Plutarch. Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximus. The Parallel Lives of Plutarch. Loeb Classical Library 1914. LacusCurtius Web.- -. The Life of Pericles. The Parallel Lives of Plutarch. Loeb Classical Library 1916. LacusCurtius Web.Stadter, Philip A. Pericles among the Intellectuals. Illinois Classical Studies 16.1/2 (1991): 111-24. Print.- -. The Rhetoric of Plutarchs Pericles. Ancient Society 18 (1987): 251-69. Print.

International Production and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Production and Governance - Essay Example The impact of recession on the global market and effect of economic crisis are also described. Global imbalance occurs only when the country’s economy goes through a terrific downfall or there is a sudden change in the political system. The government is then reorganized to pacify the existing problems and to improve the situation so that the country can revive to its normal form. U.S Economic Policy United States is considered as the super power due to its economic and political stability. The economic stability helps the country to overcome any sort of downturn and economic downfall. As most of the countries today depend on United States, the commitment to maintain a stable economy is considerably more when compared to other countries. The economic crisis and recession hit United States so hard that the country struggled to get back to a stable state. The political changes also had a great impact on the country’s economy. US economy is more vulnerable to economic down turns since the country relies on several other countries. When compared to all the other problems, the 9/11 attack was considered to be the most deteriorating problem in the United States. Though the country had a reliable government and political parties, it was difficult for the country to recuperate to the normal situation. (Wade, 2009). The country’s economy went through a bad patch and the government officials implemented various strategies to bring back the country’s economy to a stable form. Political Hegemony The political hegemony was vulnerable right from the days of the Cold war. From then America has been one of the very few countries which had the ability to fight with any continent. This created a sense of fear among the other countries. Though the country’s government was filled with political leaders from several parties, the development in terms of politics was unbeatable. The political administration before the 9/1 attack was considered to be best strategies since the country established a cordial relationship with almost all the countries in the world. Due to this factor, America was the most sought after nation in the world. The economic and political stability contributed to the country’s success in each and every field. The political hegemony and the dictatorship continued even after the Cold War. Generally a country which is economically strong tries to dominate over the other dependent countries. Since US had the capacity to control the countries which relied on it; the government took an upper hand in controlling the other countries. Due to this factor, the political hegemony started to invade America. The political hegemony was clearly visible from the political reforms that came into existence after the Second World War. The role of US in the global economy went through a drastic change by the election of Obama. Till then, U.S was the country on which most of the other countries depended. International or ganizations and multinational corporations are the highest rated corporate in the world. A country can easily operate with the company that is in America or London. The advancement in the information technology has led to a situation where countries like America rely on other countries to accomplish their business activities. Bill Clinton and George.W.Bush were the major reason for the America’

Summary and response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Summary and response - Assignment Example This is in contrast to what I have read about student loans since college students in professions such as engineering and medicine borrow larger amounts of loans (Wilson 2). In contrast to Wilson’s statement that students with larger debts find themselves in such situations due to their pursuit f their dream course no matter what, I believe that students understand their borrowing terms when they undertake a course (Wilson 2). College students are well aware of the financial implications their loans will have on their lives later on in life. In the article ‘Two Years Are Better Than Four’, there are believers who say that college education does not matter. The author strongly believes in the value of college education and says that his life became proportional to the education he acquired (Addison 1). The author contradicts Mr. Perlstein theory of the fact that college education does not matter anymore. He believes that community college has had a great impact on the lives of many Americans. Community colleges have made college education accessible to many unprivileged Americans and as such should be hailed as one of America’s greatest institutions (Addison 2). In â€Å"And Yet: Distinguishing What You Say From What They Say†, readers are encouraged to identify voice markers when they read through a comprehension. As a writer, one is encouraged to clearly state his or her stand so that readers do not get confused. First person in writing may or may not make an impact depending on how the writer uses it. As one summarises a text, he or she is encouraged to implement voice markers effectively. Voice markers when used appropriately will help avoid confusions that the reader may encounter. Such confusion is brought about when the reader cannot distinguish whose point it is tat is in the comprehension; the writer’s or the author’s from whose book the writer is

Imogene king Essay Example for Free

Imogene king Essay As Hall (1965) says; â€Å"To look at and listen to self is often too difficult without the help of a significant figure (nurturer) who has learned how to hold up a mirror and sounding board to invite the behaver to look and listen to himself. If he accepts the invitation, he will explore the concerns in his acts and as he listens to his exploration through the reflection of the nurse, he may uncover in sequence his difficulties, the problem area, his problem, and eventually the threat which is dictating his out-of-control behavior. † Major Concepts The individual human who is 16 years of age or older and past the acute stage of a long-term illness is the focus of nursing care in Hall’s work. The source of energy and motivation for healing is the individual care recipient, not the health care provider. Hall emphasizes the importance of the individual as unique, capable of growth and learning, and requiring a total person approach. Health can be inferred to be a state of self-awareness with conscious selection of behaviors that are optimal for that individual. Hall stresses the need to help the person explore the meaning of his or her behavior to identify and overcome problems through developing self-identity and maturity. The concept of society/environment is dealt with in relation to the individual. Hall is credited with developing the concept of Loeb Center because she assumed that the hospital environment during treatment of acute illness creates a difficult psychological experience for the ill individual (Bowar-Ferres, 1975). Loeb Center focuses on providing an environment that is conducive to self-development. In such a setting, the focus of the action of the nurses is the individual, so that any actions taken in relation to society or environment are for the purpose of assisting the individual in attaining a personal goal. Nursing is identified as consisting of participation in the care, core, and cure aspects of patient care. Subconcepts The Care Circle It represents the nurturing component of nursing and is exclusive to nursing. Nurturing involves using the factors that make up the concept of mothering (care and comfort of the person) and provide for teaching-learning activities. The professional nurse provides bodily care for the patient and helps the patient complete such basic daily biological functions as eating, bathing, elimination, and dressing. When providing this care, the nurse’s goal is the comfort of the patient. Providing care for a patient at the basic needs level presents the nurse and patient with an opportunity for closeness. As closeness develops, the patient can share and explore feelings with the nurse. The Core Circle It is based in the social sciences, involves the therapeutic use of self, and is shared with other members of the health team. The professional nurse, by developing an interpersonal relationship with the patient, is able to help the patient verbally express feelings regarding the disease process and its effects. Through such expression, the patient is able to gain self-identity and further develop maturity. The professional nurse, by the use of reflective technique (acting as a mirror to the patient), helps the patient look at and explore feelings regarding his or her current health status and related potential changes in lifestyle. Motivations are discovered through the process of bringing into awareness the feelings being experienced. With this awareness, the patient is now able to make conscious decisions based on understood and accepted feelings and motivation. The Cure Circle It is based in the pathological and therapeutic sciences and is shared with other members of the health team. During this aspect of nursing care, the nurse is an active advocate of the patient. Assumptions The motivation and energy necessary for healing exist within the patient, rather than in the health care team. The three aspects of nursing should not be viewed as functioning independently but as interrelated. The three aspects interact, and the circles representing them change size, depending on the patient’s total course of progress. Strengths/Weaknesses Strengths: The use of the terms care, core, and cure are unique to Hall. Hall’s work appears to be completely and simply logical. Weaknesses: Hall’s work is simple in its presentation. However, the openness and flexibility required for its application may not be so simple for nurses whose personality, educational preparation, and experience have not prepared them to function with minimal structure. This and the self-imposed age and illness requirements limit the generalizability. Analysis Hall imposed an age requirement for the application of her theory which is 16 years of age and above. This limits the theory since it cannot be disregarded that nurses are faced with pediatric clients every now and then. Even though Hall confined her concepts for that age bracket, the concepts of care, core and cure can still be applied to every age group but again, none was specified. The only tool of therapeutic communication Hall discussed is reflection. By inference, all other techniques of therapeutic communication are eliminated. Reflection is not always the most effective technique to be used. The concept of a patient aggregate such as having families and communities as the focus of nursing practice was not tackled. It is purely on the individual himself. Although, the role of the family or the community within the patient’s environment was modestly discussed. In the focus of nursing care in Hall’s concepts, the individual must pass an acute stage of illness for you to successfully apply her theory. Therefore, this theory relates only to those who are ill. This indicates that no nursing contact with healthy individuals, families, or communities, and it negates the concept of health maintenance and disease prevention.

The Hierarchy of Needs :: Psychology, Maslow

Human nature of the general populations is as complex as the human race it describes. Most people have combined aspects in defining their nature. Humans are both pleasure seeking and good-natured. If something is not pleasurable to them, it is unlikely that they are good-natured at the time. For example, babies are good-natured as long as they are feeling safe, fed, not wet, and not sick. Maslow describes this as the hierarchy of needs ( Maslow,1942). Humans are motivated by their needs. In order to have pleasure and be good-natured their basic needs of food and shelter must first be met. Tabula Rasa, originally introduced by John Locke has been translated today, as the brain is similar to a computer waiting to be programmed. There is no hard drive or any info available (Voland, 2000). However, most realize that humans are born with certain capabilities all ready. So, they are pre-programmed for some things. People are both pathological and affected by their environment. People are born with certain genetic factors that make them prone to certain pathology or behaviors (Eysenck, 1990). However, the socially environment and culture plays a role in bringing out the genetic factor. IF a person grows up in an environment that promotes antisocial behavior, it will easily bring this feature out in a person. The environment can also teach people to behave a certain way (Berger& Burgoon, 1995) The social cognitive theory states that most schemas are developed while the person is growing up. This can cause either positive or negative schemas and will affect how a person reacts to others. It also decides whether a person’s behavior will be positive or negative. Schemas are mental pictures stored in a person’s memory. The theory also supports the ability to change negative thoughts and behaviors. A person can change these behaviors by observing someone who models appropriate behaviors. A counselor can use both modeling and guided mastery to change the maladaptive thoughts and behaviors of a person (Pervin, Cervone, & Oliver, 2005). Social Cognitive theory is based on the fact, people learn through watching others. The personality is shaped by snapshots called schemas. For example, we have conditioned self to the sound of music. The mind thinks what a pleasant sound. If a person had not been conditioned by experience, we would have thought much different. Instead, we would have thought how dreadful it was (Pervin, Cervone, & Oliver, 2005).

How to Reduce Air Pollution Essay

Air pollution is an issue of concern to the world. Pollution in our environment will undoubtedly affect our quality of life and it can also cause various health problems and other negative effects. As a result, we want to find way out. Three simple solutions to reduce air pollution such as reducing the using of vehicles, cutting down the using of machineries and planting trees. The first necessary way to solve this problem is to cutting down the using of machineries. We should try to use more human labor rather than machines in production or farming activities. For instance, people in our country can use handy craft products and do their farm by the human being like doing farm in a traditional way without using any kind of tractors. Furthermore, for the products which are made by machines, such as paper, bottles, cans, or plastic bags, we should re-use and recycle them as possible as we can instead of producing more products. The machines will rest from production and also rest from dispose CO2 to the air. The second way to solve this problem is to reduce the using of vehicles. People should change from travel by their own car or motorbike to travel by public transportation such as taxies, buses, or trains. When we can cut down the amount of cars or motorbikes on the street, the amount of CO2 also decrease and we can save our air. Moreover, you will save money while you do your segment to reduce air pollution. According to Science Applications International Corporation (2007), â€Å"Public transportation use reduces travel by private vehicles.† (p.2). The third way we have to do is planting trees. Trees convert carbon dioxide into oxygen, cleaning up air pollution every day, so we have to reduce cutting down of it. According to McPherson (2003), â€Å"Leaves of trees absorb or intercept air pollutants, including small particulate matter and the components of smog.† (p.1). In addition, the trees help cool neighborhoods to create less need for air conditioning. In conclusion, we must work together to reduce pollution so that the future generations can live in a healthy, unpolluted environment.