Miranda vs. Arizon essays

Miranda vs. Arizon essays Ernesto Miranda, a 23 year old truck driver was arrested and charged for kidnapping, robbery and rape, in the year of 1966. Throughout the 1930s police were using force and not reading people their rights as we are used to in this day in age. Force was not as bad as it had been in the past but was still there and was conflicting with peoples rights. In a 5-4 decision the Supreme Court overturned Mirandas conviction. His conviction was overthrown because it was not right that prosecutors used statements made by defendants while in police custody, unless the police had already advised them of their rights; thus it was called the Miranda Rights. This case was later re-tried, and Miranda was convicted on the basis of other evidence, having nothing to do with his earlier trial. In the end, he served 11 years in prison. Since this case, the Supreme Court determined that criminal suspects cannot be arrested without being advised of their constitutional rights and what their responsibilities are. Police, before questioning, must warn the suspect or suspects that they have a right to remain silent. Also, any statement that they make can and probably will be used against them in a court of law. When being questioned they have the right to have an attorney present with them, and if the defendant cant afford an attorney one will be appointed to them without charge. In conclusion, the Miranda versus Arizona case made a significant difference in the police and court system in the United States. To think of it, if you are not read your rights, you could confess, but your confession would be meaningless because your rights were not read. Thus, even if you did the crime you could get away with it because you were not read your rights. ...

Pericles (Leader of Athens) Biography

Pericles (Leader of Athens) Biography Pericles (sometimes spelled Perikles) lived between about 495–429 B.C.E. and was one of the most important leaders of the classical period of Athens, Greece. He is largely responsible for rebuilding the city following the devastating Persian Wars of 502–449 B.C.E. He was also Athens leader during (and probably fomenter of) the Peloponnesian War (431–404); and he died of the Plague of Athens that ravaged the city between 430 and 426 B.C.E. He was so important to classical Greek history that the era in which he lived is known as the Age of Pericles. Greek Sources about Pericles What we know of Pericles comes from three main sources. The earliest is known as the Funeral Oration of Pericles. It was written by the Greek philosopher Thucydides (460–395 B.C.E.), who said he was quoting Pericles himself. Pericles gave his speech at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian war (431 B.C.E.). In it, Pericles (or Thucydides) extols the values of democracy. The Menexenus was probably written by Plato (ca. 428–347 B.C.E.) or by someone who was imitating Plato. It too is a Funeral Oration citing the history of Athens, and the text was partly borrowed from Thucydides but it is a satire ridiculing the practice. Its format is a dialogue between Socrates and Menexenus, and in it, Socrates opines that Pericles mistress Aspasia wrote the Funeral Oration of Pericles. Finally, and most substantially, in his book The Parallel Lives, the first century C.E. Roman historian Plutarch wrote the Life of Pericles and a Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximum. English translations of all of these texts are long out of copyright and available on the Internet. Family Through his mother Agariste, Pericles was a member of the Alcmeonids, a powerful family in Athens, who claimed descent from Nestor (king of Pylos in The Odyssey) and whose earliest notable member was from the seventh century B.C.E. The Alcemons were accused of treachery at the Battle of Marathon. His father was Xanthippus, a military leader during the Persian Wars, and the victor at the Battle of Mycale. He was the son of Ariphon, who was ostracized- a common political punishment for prominent Athenians consisting of a 10-year banishment from Athens- but was returned to the city when the Persian Wars began. Pericles was married to a woman whose name is not mentioned by Plutarch but was a close relative. They had two sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, and divorced in 445 B.C.E. Both sons died in the Plague of Athens. Pericles also had a mistress, perhaps a courtesan but also a teacher and intellectual called Aspasia of Miletus, with whom he had one son, Pericles the Younger. Education Pericles was said by Plutarch to have been shy as a young man because he was rich, and of such stellar lineage with well-born friends, that he was afraid hed be ostracized for that alone. Instead, he devoted himself to a military career, where he was brave and enterprising. Then he became a politician. His teachers included the musicians Damon and Pythocleides. Pericles was also a pupil of Zeno of Elea, famous for his logical paradoxes, such as the one in which he was said to have proven that motion cant occur. His most important teacher was Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428 BCE), called Nous (Mind). Anaxagoras is best known for his then-outrageous contention that the sun was a fiery rock. Public Offices The first known public event in Pericles life was the position of choregos. Choregoi were the producers of ancient Greeces theatrical community, selected from the wealthiest Athenians who had a duty to support dramatic productions. Choregoi paid for everything from staff salaries to sets, special effects, and music. In 472, Pericles funded and produced the playwright Aeschylus play The Persians. Pericles also gained the office of military archon or strategos, which is usually translated into English as a military general. Pericles was elected strategos in 460, and he remained that for the next 29 years. Pericles, Cimon, and Democracy In the 460s, the Helots rebelled against the Spartans who asked for help from Athens. In response to Spartas request for help, Athens leader Cimon led troops into Sparta. The Spartans sent them back, probably fearing the effects of Athenian democratic ideas on their own government. Cimon had favored Athens oligarchic adherents, and, according to the opposing faction led by Pericles who had come into power by the time Cimon returned, Cimon was a lover of Sparta and a hater of the Athenians. He was ostracized and banished from Athens for 10 years, but eventually brought back for the Peloponnesian Wars. Building Projects From about 458–456, Pericles had the Long Walls built. The Long Walls were about 6 kilometers in length and built in several phases. They were a strategic asset to Athens, connecting the city with Piraeus, a peninsula with three harbors about 4.5 miles from Athens. The walls protected the citys access to the Aegean, but they were destroyed by Sparta at the end of the Peloponnesian War. On the Acropolis at Athens, Pericles built the Parthenon, the Propylaea, and a giant statue of Athena Promachus. He also had temples and shrines built to other gods to replace those that had been destroyed by the Persians during the wars. The treasury from the Delian alliance funded the building projects. Radical Democracy and Citizenship Law Among the contributions made by Pericles to the Athenian democracy was the payment of magistrates. This was one reason the Athenians under Pericles decided to limit the people eligible to hold office. Only those born to two people of Athenian citizen status could henceforth be citizens and eligible to be magistrates. Children of foreign mothers were explicitly excluded. Metic is the word for a foreigner living in Athens. Since a metic woman couldnt produce citizen children when Pericles had a mistress Aspasia of Miletus, he couldnt or, at least, didnt marry her. After his death, the law was changed so that his son could be both a citizen and his heir. Artists Depiction According to Plutarch, although Pericles appearance was unimpeachable, his head was long and out of proportion. The comic poets of his day called him Schinocephalus or squill head (pen head). Because of Pericles abnormally long head, he was often depicted wearing a helmet. The Plague of Athens and the Death of Pericles In 430, the Spartans and their allies invaded Attica, signaling the start of the Peloponnesian War. At the same time, a plague broke out in a city overcrowded by the presence of refugees from the rural areas. Pericles was suspended from the office of strategos, found guilty of theft and fined 50 talents. Because Athens still needed him, Pericles was then reinstated, but then, about a year after he lost his own two sons in the plague, Pericles died in the fall of 429, two and a half years after the Peloponnesian War began. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources Thucydides. Pericles Funeral Oration from the Peloponnesian War (Book 2.34-46). Ancient History Sourcebook. Fordham University. 2000. Web.Monoson, S. Sara. Remembering Pericles: The Political and Theoretical Import of Platos Menexenus. Political Theory 26.4 (1998): 489-513. Print.OSullivan, Neil. Pericles and Protagoras. Greece Rome 42.1 (1995): 15-23. Print.Plato. The Menexenus. Translater Benjamin Jowett 1892. Project Gutenberg, 2013. Web.Plutarch. Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximus. The Parallel Lives of Plutarch. Loeb Classical Library 1914. LacusCurtius Web.- -. The Life of Pericles. The Parallel Lives of Plutarch. Loeb Classical Library 1916. LacusCurtius Web.Stadter, Philip A. Pericles among the Intellectuals. Illinois Classical Studies 16.1/2 (1991): 111-24. Print.- -. The Rhetoric of Plutarchs Pericles. Ancient Society 18 (1987): 251-69. Print.

International Production and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Production and Governance - Essay Example The impact of recession on the global market and effect of economic crisis are also described. Global imbalance occurs only when the country’s economy goes through a terrific downfall or there is a sudden change in the political system. The government is then reorganized to pacify the existing problems and to improve the situation so that the country can revive to its normal form. U.S Economic Policy United States is considered as the super power due to its economic and political stability. The economic stability helps the country to overcome any sort of downturn and economic downfall. As most of the countries today depend on United States, the commitment to maintain a stable economy is considerably more when compared to other countries. The economic crisis and recession hit United States so hard that the country struggled to get back to a stable state. The political changes also had a great impact on the country’s economy. US economy is more vulnerable to economic down turns since the country relies on several other countries. When compared to all the other problems, the 9/11 attack was considered to be the most deteriorating problem in the United States. Though the country had a reliable government and political parties, it was difficult for the country to recuperate to the normal situation. (Wade, 2009). The country’s economy went through a bad patch and the government officials implemented various strategies to bring back the country’s economy to a stable form. Political Hegemony The political hegemony was vulnerable right from the days of the Cold war. From then America has been one of the very few countries which had the ability to fight with any continent. This created a sense of fear among the other countries. Though the country’s government was filled with political leaders from several parties, the development in terms of politics was unbeatable. The political administration before the 9/1 attack was considered to be best strategies since the country established a cordial relationship with almost all the countries in the world. Due to this factor, America was the most sought after nation in the world. The economic and political stability contributed to the country’s success in each and every field. The political hegemony and the dictatorship continued even after the Cold War. Generally a country which is economically strong tries to dominate over the other dependent countries. Since US had the capacity to control the countries which relied on it; the government took an upper hand in controlling the other countries. Due to this factor, the political hegemony started to invade America. The political hegemony was clearly visible from the political reforms that came into existence after the Second World War. The role of US in the global economy went through a drastic change by the election of Obama. Till then, U.S was the country on which most of the other countries depended. International or ganizations and multinational corporations are the highest rated corporate in the world. A country can easily operate with the company that is in America or London. The advancement in the information technology has led to a situation where countries like America rely on other countries to accomplish their business activities. Bill Clinton and George.W.Bush were the major reason for the America’

Summary and response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Summary and response - Assignment Example This is in contrast to what I have read about student loans since college students in professions such as engineering and medicine borrow larger amounts of loans (Wilson 2). In contrast to Wilson’s statement that students with larger debts find themselves in such situations due to their pursuit f their dream course no matter what, I believe that students understand their borrowing terms when they undertake a course (Wilson 2). College students are well aware of the financial implications their loans will have on their lives later on in life. In the article ‘Two Years Are Better Than Four’, there are believers who say that college education does not matter. The author strongly believes in the value of college education and says that his life became proportional to the education he acquired (Addison 1). The author contradicts Mr. Perlstein theory of the fact that college education does not matter anymore. He believes that community college has had a great impact on the lives of many Americans. Community colleges have made college education accessible to many unprivileged Americans and as such should be hailed as one of America’s greatest institutions (Addison 2). In â€Å"And Yet: Distinguishing What You Say From What They Say†, readers are encouraged to identify voice markers when they read through a comprehension. As a writer, one is encouraged to clearly state his or her stand so that readers do not get confused. First person in writing may or may not make an impact depending on how the writer uses it. As one summarises a text, he or she is encouraged to implement voice markers effectively. Voice markers when used appropriately will help avoid confusions that the reader may encounter. Such confusion is brought about when the reader cannot distinguish whose point it is tat is in the comprehension; the writer’s or the author’s from whose book the writer is

Imogene king Essay Example for Free

Imogene king Essay As Hall (1965) says; â€Å"To look at and listen to self is often too difficult without the help of a significant figure (nurturer) who has learned how to hold up a mirror and sounding board to invite the behaver to look and listen to himself. If he accepts the invitation, he will explore the concerns in his acts and as he listens to his exploration through the reflection of the nurse, he may uncover in sequence his difficulties, the problem area, his problem, and eventually the threat which is dictating his out-of-control behavior. † Major Concepts The individual human who is 16 years of age or older and past the acute stage of a long-term illness is the focus of nursing care in Hall’s work. The source of energy and motivation for healing is the individual care recipient, not the health care provider. Hall emphasizes the importance of the individual as unique, capable of growth and learning, and requiring a total person approach. Health can be inferred to be a state of self-awareness with conscious selection of behaviors that are optimal for that individual. Hall stresses the need to help the person explore the meaning of his or her behavior to identify and overcome problems through developing self-identity and maturity. The concept of society/environment is dealt with in relation to the individual. Hall is credited with developing the concept of Loeb Center because she assumed that the hospital environment during treatment of acute illness creates a difficult psychological experience for the ill individual (Bowar-Ferres, 1975). Loeb Center focuses on providing an environment that is conducive to self-development. In such a setting, the focus of the action of the nurses is the individual, so that any actions taken in relation to society or environment are for the purpose of assisting the individual in attaining a personal goal. Nursing is identified as consisting of participation in the care, core, and cure aspects of patient care. Subconcepts The Care Circle It represents the nurturing component of nursing and is exclusive to nursing. Nurturing involves using the factors that make up the concept of mothering (care and comfort of the person) and provide for teaching-learning activities. The professional nurse provides bodily care for the patient and helps the patient complete such basic daily biological functions as eating, bathing, elimination, and dressing. When providing this care, the nurse’s goal is the comfort of the patient. Providing care for a patient at the basic needs level presents the nurse and patient with an opportunity for closeness. As closeness develops, the patient can share and explore feelings with the nurse. The Core Circle It is based in the social sciences, involves the therapeutic use of self, and is shared with other members of the health team. The professional nurse, by developing an interpersonal relationship with the patient, is able to help the patient verbally express feelings regarding the disease process and its effects. Through such expression, the patient is able to gain self-identity and further develop maturity. The professional nurse, by the use of reflective technique (acting as a mirror to the patient), helps the patient look at and explore feelings regarding his or her current health status and related potential changes in lifestyle. Motivations are discovered through the process of bringing into awareness the feelings being experienced. With this awareness, the patient is now able to make conscious decisions based on understood and accepted feelings and motivation. The Cure Circle It is based in the pathological and therapeutic sciences and is shared with other members of the health team. During this aspect of nursing care, the nurse is an active advocate of the patient. Assumptions The motivation and energy necessary for healing exist within the patient, rather than in the health care team. The three aspects of nursing should not be viewed as functioning independently but as interrelated. The three aspects interact, and the circles representing them change size, depending on the patient’s total course of progress. Strengths/Weaknesses Strengths: The use of the terms care, core, and cure are unique to Hall. Hall’s work appears to be completely and simply logical. Weaknesses: Hall’s work is simple in its presentation. However, the openness and flexibility required for its application may not be so simple for nurses whose personality, educational preparation, and experience have not prepared them to function with minimal structure. This and the self-imposed age and illness requirements limit the generalizability. Analysis Hall imposed an age requirement for the application of her theory which is 16 years of age and above. This limits the theory since it cannot be disregarded that nurses are faced with pediatric clients every now and then. Even though Hall confined her concepts for that age bracket, the concepts of care, core and cure can still be applied to every age group but again, none was specified. The only tool of therapeutic communication Hall discussed is reflection. By inference, all other techniques of therapeutic communication are eliminated. Reflection is not always the most effective technique to be used. The concept of a patient aggregate such as having families and communities as the focus of nursing practice was not tackled. It is purely on the individual himself. Although, the role of the family or the community within the patient’s environment was modestly discussed. In the focus of nursing care in Hall’s concepts, the individual must pass an acute stage of illness for you to successfully apply her theory. Therefore, this theory relates only to those who are ill. This indicates that no nursing contact with healthy individuals, families, or communities, and it negates the concept of health maintenance and disease prevention.

The Hierarchy of Needs :: Psychology, Maslow

Human nature of the general populations is as complex as the human race it describes. Most people have combined aspects in defining their nature. Humans are both pleasure seeking and good-natured. If something is not pleasurable to them, it is unlikely that they are good-natured at the time. For example, babies are good-natured as long as they are feeling safe, fed, not wet, and not sick. Maslow describes this as the hierarchy of needs ( Maslow,1942). Humans are motivated by their needs. In order to have pleasure and be good-natured their basic needs of food and shelter must first be met. Tabula Rasa, originally introduced by John Locke has been translated today, as the brain is similar to a computer waiting to be programmed. There is no hard drive or any info available (Voland, 2000). However, most realize that humans are born with certain capabilities all ready. So, they are pre-programmed for some things. People are both pathological and affected by their environment. People are born with certain genetic factors that make them prone to certain pathology or behaviors (Eysenck, 1990). However, the socially environment and culture plays a role in bringing out the genetic factor. IF a person grows up in an environment that promotes antisocial behavior, it will easily bring this feature out in a person. The environment can also teach people to behave a certain way (Berger& Burgoon, 1995) The social cognitive theory states that most schemas are developed while the person is growing up. This can cause either positive or negative schemas and will affect how a person reacts to others. It also decides whether a person’s behavior will be positive or negative. Schemas are mental pictures stored in a person’s memory. The theory also supports the ability to change negative thoughts and behaviors. A person can change these behaviors by observing someone who models appropriate behaviors. A counselor can use both modeling and guided mastery to change the maladaptive thoughts and behaviors of a person (Pervin, Cervone, & Oliver, 2005). Social Cognitive theory is based on the fact, people learn through watching others. The personality is shaped by snapshots called schemas. For example, we have conditioned self to the sound of music. The mind thinks what a pleasant sound. If a person had not been conditioned by experience, we would have thought much different. Instead, we would have thought how dreadful it was (Pervin, Cervone, & Oliver, 2005).

How to Reduce Air Pollution Essay

Air pollution is an issue of concern to the world. Pollution in our environment will undoubtedly affect our quality of life and it can also cause various health problems and other negative effects. As a result, we want to find way out. Three simple solutions to reduce air pollution such as reducing the using of vehicles, cutting down the using of machineries and planting trees. The first necessary way to solve this problem is to cutting down the using of machineries. We should try to use more human labor rather than machines in production or farming activities. For instance, people in our country can use handy craft products and do their farm by the human being like doing farm in a traditional way without using any kind of tractors. Furthermore, for the products which are made by machines, such as paper, bottles, cans, or plastic bags, we should re-use and recycle them as possible as we can instead of producing more products. The machines will rest from production and also rest from dispose CO2 to the air. The second way to solve this problem is to reduce the using of vehicles. People should change from travel by their own car or motorbike to travel by public transportation such as taxies, buses, or trains. When we can cut down the amount of cars or motorbikes on the street, the amount of CO2 also decrease and we can save our air. Moreover, you will save money while you do your segment to reduce air pollution. According to Science Applications International Corporation (2007), â€Å"Public transportation use reduces travel by private vehicles.† (p.2). The third way we have to do is planting trees. Trees convert carbon dioxide into oxygen, cleaning up air pollution every day, so we have to reduce cutting down of it. According to McPherson (2003), â€Å"Leaves of trees absorb or intercept air pollutants, including small particulate matter and the components of smog.† (p.1). In addition, the trees help cool neighborhoods to create less need for air conditioning. In conclusion, we must work together to reduce pollution so that the future generations can live in a healthy, unpolluted environment.

Meaning of Underworld in the Odyssey and Aeneid Essay

In both Odyssey and Aeneid the protagonists visit the Underworld and for both this is a turning point of their life and the turning point of the plot. For Odyssey the unusual travel marks his symbolic â€Å"cleansing† from blood he has shed at Troy and from anger of gods, making it possible for him to return to Ithaca. Before traveling to the Underworld Aeneas is an expellee, who strives â€Å"in vain against the seas and wind† (Aeneid, 5: 21). After the travel he is a father of the new glorious people. Both heroes receive new knowledge and rise to the higher level of personality. Visiting the world of the dead is important for Odyssey and Aeneas because it marks the choice of scenario for the future. For example, Aeneas’s fate as a leader of the newborn Roman people has been predetermined, yet to start walking this new way he has to go to the underworld. His father shows him many great souls who are to be reincarnated in future to become great Roman heroes, so future is predetermined not only by Aeneas’s effort, but by the spirit of those great heroes. In contrast, Odyssey enters the kingdom of the dead in search of his friend Tiresias whom he has to speak to in order to return to Ithaca. His travel is not so fateful for the people, but it is fateful for Odyssey himself. Aeneas is told to go to the Underworld in a dream by the spirit of his dead father. Odyssey also has a kind of dream on Circe’s island where he spends seven years thinking that only seven days have passed. But when Circe learns that Odyssey has no love for her, she nobly explains him that the only man who knows the way to Ithaca is Tiresias who can be found only in the afterworld. Odyssey is driven by â€Å"unhappy fate below the sunlight† (Odyssey 11:798-799), and his ultimate purpose is finding the way. He would perhaps never go to Hades, in case there was another way to Ithaca. He says that he â€Å"had to come down here to Hades’ home, to meet the he shade of Teiresias of Thebes, and hear his prophecy†. (Odyssey, 11: 199-201). In Hades he meets his mother of whom he did not know that she was dead. Her suicide and sorrowful events in Ithaca is a kind of punishment for Odyssey’s false pride. In contrast to Odyssey, Aeneas’s purpose is choosing the way. Meeting his father he symbolically passes through the golden gate to become a recognized ruler, and a tool of destiny that has chosen to make Aeneas’s people great. Homer describes the underworld as a dull place of suffering, where warriors who died in battle have to continue carrying their wounds. In fact, for Homer living after death is just a continuation of earthly vain. For example, when Odyssey meets Trojan heroes like Patroclus, they run away frightened, as if the struggle for Troy still went on. Odyssey’s dead friends the can only tell how they died and got to this dark kingdom. Homer has a gloomy idea of the underworld. Achilles says that he would rather be a living serf and a landless peasant than a King of the Dead. So Odyssey becomes aware of futility of war that sends heroes to this dark place. In contrast, Aeneas returns with the vision of the great future and he is now decisive to work hard for it. â€Å"Within the hero’s mind his joys renew’d† (Aeneid 5: 904) and so he eagerly sets sails for the new homeland.

George Tenet and and the Last Great Days of the Cia Essays

George Tenet and and the Last Great Days of the Cia Essays George Tenet and and the Last Great Days of the Cia Essay George Tenet and and the Last Great Days of the Cia Essay The Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) is an independent United States Government bureau who are responsible for supplying national security intelligence to senior United States policymakers ( CIA. 2007 ) . Since the 1960’s and World War II. foreign intelligence has been of import to the United States since the yearss of President George Washington. that such attempts have been coordinated on a government-wide degree. The Central Intelligence Agency Act was passed in 1949. which supplemented the 1947 Act. allowing the Agency more powers. The bureau was permitted to utilize confidential financial and administrative processs and was exempted from many of the usual restrictions on outgos. Therefore. leting financess to now be accounted in budgets of other sections and so transferred to the Agency without limitations. while guaranting the secretiveness of the CIA’s budget. which is an of import consideration in covert operations. The Act created a D irector of Central Intelligence ( DCI ) as caput of the Intelligence Community. caput of the CIA. and chief intelligence advisor to the president. with the extra duty of safeguarding intelligence beginnings and methods. The 1947 Act besides. restricted the CIA’s internal security maps. The CIA carries out its duties which are capable to assorted directives and controls by the President and the National Security Commission. Established in 1953. Congress amended the National Security Act to supply for the assignment of the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence ( DDCI ) by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate. which the DDCI assists the manager and besides exercised the powers of the manager during the absence of the DCI ( CIA. 2007 ) . The CIA had suffered from so many inconsistent leadings. as direct consequence of the leading and surrender of George Tenet. there was a demand to do commissariats. therefore o better effectivity and efficiency. Under the new Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. the places of DCI and DDCI were abolished. and the occupation of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency ( D/CIA ) was established ( CIA. 2007 ) . Why was the CIA was reformed? : President G. W. Bush and his disposal began military action against Iraq on March 19. 2003. and the government of Saddam Hussein fell on April 9. After several studies by the United Nations ( UN ) arms inspectors on their work under U. N. Security Council Resolution 1441 ( November 8. 2002 ) . the U. N. Security Council did non hold to authorise usage of force against Iraq. All inspectors were withdrawn. and the United States. and Britain launched a military offense against Iraq on March 19. 2003. SaddamHussein’s government vacated Baghdad onApril 9. In July 2003. with virtually no Weapons of Mass Destruction ( WMD ) was discovered in Iraq since the war. a argument in Congress and in the media intensified over the quality and presentation of pre-war intelligence on Iraq’s WMD and the justification for war ( Katzman. 2003 ) . How did the Iraq war came about? George Tenet was a public decision maker. an appointive officer of the executive subdivision of the federal authorities as Director of the Central Intelligence ( DCI ) for the President of the United States. Tenet was foremost appointed as a cabinet member for President Bill Clinton Administration. and was confirmed by the Senate as the Director of Central Intelligence. sworn in as the 18th DCI. so continued as DCI for George W. Bush disposal. which he served from 1997 until 2004. The demands for fulling the responsibilities of DCI appllied at all times. it did non count if the President you were functioning was Democratic or Republican. you were still expected to continue the same unity. and do an honest occupation accurately. efficaciously and efficently. As the Director of Central Intelligence ( DCI ) . Tenet had a moral responsibility and duty to the American people associating to the responsibilities of his several office with respects to the involvement of the populace and the general public assistance. The most of import duty that he had was to be true to himself so to the American people. to humanity of the universe. to the Constitution and democracy. to the jurisprudence. and to the Nation. The exepctations of Tenet was to be true at all times particularly as an cardinal intelligence officer. However. he told the utlimate prevarication that cost 1000s of American soildiers lives. wounded soldiers and cost the federal authorities one million millions of dollars by intensifying the Iraq War by torting the intelligence estimation. Tenet played a cardinal function in selling the Iraq war fiasco to the American people as to doing the Iraq war justifiable when he knew there were no grounds of chemical. biological or atomic Weapons of Mass Destruction. which would hold posed a menace to the United States. Tenet’s ends. waies. responsibilities and responsibilites with regard to the national intelligence attempt was to describe to the President in a timely mode and supply accurate information about the activities. capablenesss. programs. and purposes of foreign powers. organisations. and individuals and their agents. which is indispensable to the national security of the United States. He was suppose to utilize all sensible and lawful agencies. which must be used to guarant ee that the United States will have the best intelligence available in order to supply for the effectual behavior of United States intelligence activities ( CIA. 2007 ) . He fail to make so. Typically. those who work for the CIA holds a really sure and respected places because they are expected to be true at all times and uphold the codifications of moralss. To be appointed caput of an really of import. and pretigious place. to function as caput of the United States intelligence community was seen as a great award. When a individual keeping the place of DCI fails to state the truth it discredits them as being worthy to function in that place efficaciously. it fundamentally discredits he or she as a public decision maker bewraying the trust of the American people. Dogma did the right thing. which was to vacate as DCI because he could no longer be trusted as a authorities functionary. But he took a long clip to do the determination to make the right thing because he did non cognize which manner to turn. other than to play and travel along to acquire along with the Bush Administration. Tenet played a cardinal function in selling the Iraq war fiasco to the American people as to doing the Iraq war justifiable when he knew there were no grounds of chemical. biological or atomic Weapons of Mass Destruction. which would hold posed a menace to the United States. Tenet’s ends. waies. responsibilities and responsibilites with regard to the national intelligence attempt was to describe to the President in a timely mode and supply accurate information about the activities. capablenesss. programs. and purposes of foreign powers. organisations. and individuals and their agents. which is indispensable to the national security of the United States. He was suppose to utilize all sensible and lawful agencies. which must be used to guarantee that the United Tates will have the best intelligence available in order to supply for the effectual behavior of United States intelligence activities ( CIA. 2007 ) . He fail to make so. At assorted times. public decision makers will be face with quandary and will hold their ethical motives tested but are expected to follow organisational protocols. act consequently to the demands of an efficient and effectual organisation inspite of what their personal beliefs may imply. Tenet showed greater trueness to the President and to hispolitica interior circle which was more than his trueness to his agency’s analysis study and finally. his trueness to the truth and his duty to hold the truth heard ; instead they wanted to hear it or non ( White ) . By leting the intelligence estimation procedure to be politicize into doing the analyse suit the docket of the policy ends that the Bush disposal wanted. which was an analysis to do claim that Saddam Hussein had Weapons of Mass Destruction ( WMD ) merely to meet the Iraq war. sabotaging the objectiveness and professionalism of the intelligence procedure and non accurately stand foring the work of the intelligence community. It is believed that no affair what Tenet might hold said. the determination to travel to war was already made to occupy Iraq particularly. after he 911terriorist onslaught on the World Trade Center. It was unsafe and unethical for the Bush disposal to coerce the intelligence community to falsify their professional opinion to back up the short -term policy ends. endangering their ain best beginning of intelligence and seting the United States long-run national security involvement at hazard. Tenet fail to provide accurate information to the President which causesd the Iraq war controversey. He reported in the intelligence estimation that Saddam Hussein had Weapons of Mass Destruction. Calendar months before the United States onslaught on Iraq. US main arms inspector Hans Blix and more than 400 United Nations inspectors. every bit good as. the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) inspectors who conducted over 750 reviews at 550 sites. All inspectors failed to happen any grounds of any WMD or plans. there was no at hand menace from atomic devices. and no premises for a war alternatively they were told by the US to acquire out of state because war was about to begun before th e review could be throughly completed ( Katzman. 2003 ) . 3. The article compares to the instance analysis survey of The Blood on McNamara Hands and Conscience by Jay Shafritz. and the article of the Two Presidencies by Aaron Waldavsky. Robert McNamara and George Tenet both were similar in so many ways. they both neer ran for any political office. worked as an intelligence officer. molded American foreign policy. nor earned academic certificates by authoring scholarly publications. The chief comparing is that they both put self before the state. neer huffy any skip of guilt. and was non honorable about the failures they had made merely made alibis for their actions. They both did non hold a expansive. obliging scheme refering universe aff poses. nor did they seek one. was rawness with foreign and defence policies. was non suffiently and adequately prepared for a war. Both work forces played a major function in intensifying the war that should of neer been taken topographic point. portrayed themselves as a hapless. miserable politicize victims who knew the truth at the clip and wanted to state the truth. but. somehow. had no pick but to travel along. which weaken their credibleness by non stating the truth and standing up to the President with the truth as an effectual leader. They both had guiltless blood on their custodies. both had a bad wont of frequently stating people what they wanted to hear. but non what they needed to hear and cognize. deceived the Amer ican people. the President and office that they held. they both resigned after holding told such a atrocious prevarication that cost many soldiers lives. handicapped soldiers and guiltless civilian lives. They both seemed to hold jobs covering with the issues of the war which showed a mark of them havng a scruples because they did the incorrect thing but knew to make the right thing. They were hated work forces. and seen as prevaricators who got lost in their mission and ends of the bureau. They both felt the demand to compose books. movies and memoirs in some manner being excusatory and switching the incrimination on the President and others still non being able to acknowledge that they were wholly responsible for intensifying the war. as if talking out now would do a difference. Both work forces could of hold stopped the war from being created. alternatively they stood and ticker. but did nil in someway about like they wanted to be seen as an of import figure in America’s war history merely to be considered as war felons. Largely. they both were more concern about the political effects instead than talking truth to power and inquiring the difficult inquiries that needed to be replies. During the clip. when the state needed them the most to expose moral bravery. they fail. In add-on. Tenet proudly receives a decoration of award for lieing. and standing by mutely watching other’s prevarication about the Iraq war. In mention to the article. the Two Presidencies it related to George Tenet because the article negotiations about the President being concern about foreign and defence policies and domestic policies. whereas. the President is most concern about foreign and defence constabularies. The article besides indicates that most democrate President be given to concentrate more on peace and domestic policies while Republic President likes controversey. Here we see Tenet working in the democratic disposal efficaciously making his occupation and concentrating on ends of the bureau. and standing up to the President Clinton on of import decision-making. However. things seemed to alter for him in the Bush disposal as it relates to the Two Presidencies of how republican Presidents are more interested in foreign and defence policies. Harmonizing to Tenet. the Bush disposal had more of a traditional. and perhaps more appropriate. position sing the CIA’s engagement ( White ) . Unlike. President Clinton who did non look to hold much involvement in the CIA and Tenet was non required to describe to him daily. he preferred to read the day-to-day intelligence estimation on his ain. On the other manus. President Bush was fascinated by the CIA. and needed Tenet to personally describe to him each forenoon at 8 A. M. to brief the day-to-day intelligence estimation. As Tenet became more profoundly involved in supplying the day-to-day intelligence estimation to President Bush and go toing White House policy meetings. he no longer was able to concentrate on ends of reconstructing the CIA because there was non adequate clip in the twenty-four hours for him to give himself to being a spymaster. Alternatively. he was politically perplexing his function as DCI. passing his clip seeking to be a diplomat delighting the President and making something that was non at that place ; as if he had to play along to acquire along with the disposal. 4. Most significantly. Tenet leading accomplishments was weak as a public decision maker. A public decision maker demands to hold clear ends. responsibilities. waies. and responsibilites. Tenet weaken his credibleness as the Director of Central Intelligence and of the bureau by non telling the truth about Saddam Hussein holding Weapons of Mass Destructions. This showed that he was incompetent of bring forthing accurate intelligence analysis on complex planetary issues. Another failing that Tenet shown was that he did non believe that the CIA made constabularies they merely implemented them. It is of import for an decision maker to non be confused about the functions of his or her occupation. Public decision makers are the one’s who are behind the scenes. who are responsible for ordaining most of the policy alterations ; tasked with accomplishing bureau missions and supplying public service in the heat of such political environments. Understanding the political branchings facing elected functionaries in visible radiation of bureaucratic procedures and concluding recommendations is indispensable to carry throughing bureau undertakings and accomplishing success ( Clary. 2010 ) . Administrator who are higher up in the organisational construction. by and large understand the construct of political relations policy determination doing sing to the results of how certain determinations are made. Clearly. Tenet did non understand policy preparation. He thought that the occupation of the intelligence community was merely to garner intelligence. base on balls it along to those who were responsible for doing and make up ones minding policies ; make up ones minding what should be done on the footing of the intelligence estimation. which had been prepared and gathered for them and so transmitted to them. When in fact his bureau was apart of the decison-making procedure because doing foreign and defence policies was based upon the intelligence estimation. Apparently. he did non understand that the intelligence appraisal underlayed the administration’s determination to travel to war in Iraq nor considered how much his bureau contributed to doing policies on complex planetary issues. Tenet showed strength when he served in the Clinton disposal. At assorted times. he showed a explosion of fortitude to standing up to what he believed. as when he stood up to President Clinton and insisted that he non let go of convicted undercover agent Jonathan Pollard or he would vacate. But appeared weak when he told President Bush that he opposed a address to be given by Vice President Cheney that linked Iraq and al-Qaeda engagement in the 911attack on the World Trade Center. He did non object to the abuse of the intelligence analysis for political docket. nor did he hold the bravery to vacate when information was misused. Basically. he neer gave an sentiment nor opposed the Iraq war. As a civil retainer one is expect to give support to all. the re is no separation between partizan. policies and disposal in pattern of public service on all degrees of authorities ( Nigro. 2007 ) . Dogma was good known under the premise that he was bipartizan because he neer truly discourse what association that he belong to with friends nor at work. His assignment as DCI with the Bush disposal. took him out of his character by going excessively involved in political relations and the political inner circle. particularly as the DCI. he should hold remained neutral/ bipartisan. avoided direct engagement and struggle in foreign defence policy doing tobe able to efficaciously make his occupation alternatively he was acting as if he was a congressional staff member working at the pleasance of the President. As a public Administrator holding effectual leading accomplishments and schemes ie indispensable to the disposal. Tenet made himself look unqualified and artful when made the statment that the place of Director of Central Intelligence was excessively large for one individual. so in the terminal he merely proved that it excessively large for him. The lesson and deduction that the article provides that can be taken to today’s universe state of affairss is that we all have a consciencious and the moral duties to make what is r ight. One of the greatest lessson is to ever be true to yourself. ever tell the truth because a prevarication will fall and plume comes before a autumn. Once a individual is perceived to be a prevaricator. no 1 wants to hear anything that he or she have to state because their is distrust. One should ever take answerability for their actions and assume duties of their actions. Peoples want to fulfill and delight their foreman but does it intend that you have to halt believing in what you believe to be right or incorrect? Stand up for what you believe irrespective of who it possibly. Members of the calling service are bond to follow the leading of the President as caput of the executive subdivision of authorities and commanding officer in head of the armed forces ( Stillman. 2010 ) . Even though he may be the President of the United States. a individual still have stand for what is he or she knows to be right. regardless of who the individual possibly and non be a coward. Mentions Katzman. K. . ( 2003 ) . Irak: Weapons Programs. U. N. Requirements. and U. S. Policy. Congressional Research Service ? The Library of Congress. From hypertext transfer protocol: //fpc. province. gov/documents/organization/22888. pdf Clary. M. . ( 2009 ) . The Importance of Understanding the Politics of Public Administration. hypertext transfer protocol: //aspanational. wordpress. com/2009/09/04/the-importance-of-understanding-the-politics-of-public-administration. Cardinal Intelliegence Agency. ( 1981 ) . The Provisions of Executive Order 12333: United States Intelligence. Activities. Appear at 46 FR 59941. 3 CFR. Comp. . p. 200. From World Wide Web. Central Intelligence Agency. gov. Nigro. L. . Nigro. F. . and Kellough J. E. . ( 2007 ) . The New Republic

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law

Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law Electromagnetic induction (also known as Faradays law of electromagnetic induction or just induction, but not to be confused with inductive reasoning), is a process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current- it is said to induce the current. Discovery of Electromagnetic Induction Michael Faraday is given credit for the discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831, though some others had noted similar behavior in the years prior to this. The formal name for the physics equation that defines the behavior of an induced electromagnetic field from the magnetic flux (change in a magnetic field) is Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. The process of electromagnetic induction works in reverse as well, so that a moving electrical charge generates a magnetic field. In fact, a traditional magnet  is the result of the individual motion of the electrons within the individual atoms of the magnet, aligned so that the generated magnetic field is in a uniform direction. In non-magnetic materials, the electrons move in such a way that the individual magnetic fields point in different directions, so they cancel each other out and the net magnetic field generated is negligible. Maxwell-Faraday Equation The more generalized equation is one of Maxwells equations, called the Maxwell-Faraday equation, which defines the relationship between changes in electrical fields and magnetic fields. It takes the form of: ∇Ãâ€"E – ∂B / ∂t where the ∇Ãâ€" notation is known as the curl operation, the E is the electric field (a vector quantity) and B is the magnetic field (also a vector quantity). The symbols ∂ represent the partial differentials, so the right-hand of the equation is the negative partial differential of the magnetic field with respect to time. Both E and B are changing in terms of time t, and since they are moving the position of the fields are also changing.

Cost-Benefit Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cost-Benefit Analysis - Research Paper Example with the government departments that commits prisoners and then pay the company a monthly rate per every prisoner confined in the detention center (Logan, 1997). This essay will provide a cost-effective analysis of prison privatization, whereby all its benefits will be identified and added, together with the negatives and the costs. The differences between the two will then be figured out to determine whether the idea is advisable. According to William (1996), the arguments both in favor of the privatization of prisons and against it are based on the issue of money. While some opponents are of the idea that privatizing prison facilities will reduce the costs of running them at the federal and state levels, its opponents feel that it will lead to a lack of qualified staff or security, poor ground and building maintenance, and the possibility of delays in notifying the community in case of a prison break. One of the most visible benefits of the privatization of prisons is that it solves the problem of overcrowding and space. Should a state transfer some prisoners to a private detention center, it will create room for more prisoners in the state prisons, or the correct amount of space for the prisoners already in the private prison. This can save funds on supplies bought to support the current prisoner population, and can also reduce potential violence since it eases the living tensions experienced in most prison s. However, should the private company running the private facility go bankrupt, to could lead to its closure, potentially releasing violent prisoners prematurely (William, 1996). Another benefit of prison privatization is that it assists in budget predictions. When a state works with a private facility, it can set the limit on the number of inmates in their own facilities, thus enabling a more accurate prediction of the total cost of supporting an inmate daily. This can be beneficial during budget analysis and predictions, or when asking for grants from the